Using Online Term Paper Writing Service

Using Online Term Paper Writing ServiceIf you are a busy professional and are having trouble coming up with ideas to write an essay, it may be time to turn to an online term paper writing service. An experienced writer can give you an easy essay, as well as a ready-made thesis that can be completely customized to your needs.The Internet is a great place to go to find a service that can make it much easier for you to write a term paper. Most services on the web are run by people who are already specialists in writing them. They have some basic expertise that you will never need to learn or relearn.One of the best things about using an online term paper writing service is that it can save you a lot of time and money. Term papers are some of the most complex and time-consuming forms of college assignments out there. Even a seasoned professional can have a hard time when trying to take on this assignment on their own.It is almost impossible to come up with an original idea to help you su cceed at the task. So the internet has come to the rescue by offering the writers who want to write theses for university credit an easy way to do so. You will also be able to get the term paper to turn out exactly the way you would like.The term paper is an important component of the composition requirements for every student. Students who are doing well in school often submit a term paper that they have written on their own time. But, it is a hard task for any person to come up with original and unique ideas.You may have heard the term plagiarism in reference to writing a term paper. Plagiarism can be defined as borrowing something that has been previously published in your submitted term paper. The only way that your application will pass muster is if you consult an expert online writing service.Just because a term paper is 'theft' from someone else, it does not mean that it is illegal. Plagiarism is a serious offense that can have severe consequences for a student. If you are a serious student and you are worried about your academic future, turn to the online term paper writing service to help you.You may not think that a writing service could have such a large impact on your career, but it can. An online writing service can save you hours of effort that could be better spent learning. For just a little bit of money, you can have a term paper written for you that is completely custom and unique to your needs.

The Role of the Principal in Schools

Cause And Effect Of Obesity - 1477 Words

Cause and effect essay Ahmad Elham ENG 111/FH21 Sunithi Gnanadoss May 2, 2017 After World War II, when the baby Boomer generation emerged, USA economy increased and people started utilizing fast food without a diet plan, without caring about nutrition in their food and the calories they were consuming caused obesity. At the same time, transportation and technology revolutions which meant to bring ease in nation’s lives, brought laziness and obesity. Ultimately, many others call obesity a genetic disorder, slower metabolism or cell disorder which are nothing but a mental conventional stage for those who simply don’t want to exercise and that leads to many diseases caused by obesity. The American dream has led to an†¦show more content†¦Moreover, many Americans do not engage in physical activities throughout the daily life, using their car even if they go to the nearest 7-Eleven store, for a minor grocery purchase. Sitting all day in front of their computers in the office, or behind a desk is not going to help them burn the calories they i ngested today after going for lunch with a friend in one of the fast-food restaurants. Relying so much on transportation while people have other options like riding a bicycle, walking, or jogging, but they never do and this is another cause for obesity (Surgeon General, 2010, para 4). Using technology limitlessly such as computers, tablets, and especially cell phones made majority of this nation lazy. Instead of visiting family and friends physically, people call them. Rather than going for shopping, many other orders online and surprisingly, its delivered fast too, as a result, people do not go out, so life becomes more stressful than it already is being obese. Watching TV is another reason a great number of Americans created to stay home, relax, and consuming piles of junk-food. The innovation of technology, which meant to make life easier and better end up twisting people’s life towards obesity (SurgeonShow MoreRelatedCauses and Effects of Obesity823 Words   |  3 Pages Obesity occurs in all countries and it is one of the gravest problems in modern society. Mankinds around the world are concerned about obesity. One of the chief causes is unhealthy diets. Obesity is also due to lack of exercise and lack of education and awareness. Therefore obesity has various effects include risk of suffering from a range of health conditions, large fiscal expenditure on medical insurance and lack of self-esteem. One of the chief causes is unhealthy diets. There are high-calorieRead MoreCauses and Effects of Obesity832 Words   |  3 PagesThe epidemic of obesity is a medical circumstance defined as excess weight in the form of fat which may impair health. (World Obesity Federation, 2012). Obesity can be calculated by BMI which is body mass index. Obesity means BMI greater than 30. (ibid). This essay will outline the causes and effects of obesity. Diet, lifestyle, toxic environment and the causes of obesity are physical, psychological and economic are impacts. One fundamental cause of obesity is diet. Adolescence is perfect exampleRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Obesity686 Words   |  3 PagesCauses and Effects of Obesity Overview Obesity according to Birmingham and Treasure means there is an excess of adipose tissue (fat) in the body (195). Today, hardly a day goes without the mention of an obesity related issue in the news. In a way, obesity is increasingly becoming a national epidemic. As medical practitioners debate on whether or not obesity should be regarded a disease, policy makers are mulling over what course of action should be adopted so as to rein in the problem of obesityRead MoreObesity : Causes And Effects1090 Words   |  5 Pages Causes of Obesity Obesity refers to the condition of having an extra amount of body fat. Obesity is caused by eating too much and moving too little. When an individual’s amount of body fat becomes too high, they are at a greater risk of being affected with life changing diseases such as heart failure, hypertension, type II diabetes, cancer, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, and others. This shows that people should become more physically active and attempt to make healthierRead MoreObesity : Causes And Effects2292 Words   |  10 PagesObesity has been a topic of debate for decades. The prevalence of obesity in children in the United States has continued to rise, and there is still much debate on whether one thing or another causes obese effects. According to a Micro simulation analysis, one in three children in the US between ages 2 and 19 were obese between 2009 and 2010 (Kristensen et.al, 2014). Support has been shown that these numbers have only been increasing, as researchers have un covered more about how childhood obesityRead MoreObesity : Causes And Effects2476 Words   |  10 PagesWhen you think of the general health of America, what first comes to mind? Most would likely answer this question along the lines of our population being overweight. Obesity is one of the leading causes of death in the US with at least 30,000 people dying from this disease each year (Obesity Epidemic). Obesity symptoms often arise at an early age and can lead to an array of issues well beyond excessive weight gain, but who is to blame? Many critics attribute the explosion of the disease to theRead MoreCauses And Effect Of Obesity1071 Words   |  5 Pages Obesity is known to produce a number of stress and inflammation responses in the body that lead to the activation of the inflammatory signalling molecules, Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and inhibitory kB kinase (IKK). Activation of these pathways plays a key part in the development of insulin resistance followed by progression to diabetes as they greatly affect inflammatory responses, insulin signalling, and lipid and glucose homeostatis (Nakamura et al. 2014). For example, activating the JNK pathwayRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Obesity Essay1390 Words   |  6 Pagesresult of cause and effect. For instance, if a match is struck; a flame ignites, if water is put on the flame; the flame is extinguished, if more fuel is adde d to the fire; the fire gets bigger. A major problem in our society today, the problem of obesity, results from cause and effect. While many factors are involved, the causes for obesity are ultimately from choices made by individuals. One of the causes for the continuing rise in obesity in the United States is because the cycle of obesity, thatRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Obesity In America870 Words   |  4 PagesThe Centers of Disease Control and Prevention defines obesity as having a BMI over 30 (CDC). In the year 2000, roughly 30 percent of 20 year olds in America were obese. By 2003 that number had risen to 32 percent. That is a small window of increase. From the 1970s to the early 2000s, the percent of obese Americans doubled. This means that in 1970, only 15 percent of Americans were obese, and in the thirty years following, obesity took a sharp rise. In 1960, 13 percent of Americans were obese. TheRead MoreCause and Effect Essay on Obesity962 Words   |  4 PagesTiffan y Nali Period 3 May 20,2012 Cause and Effect Essay on Obesity Obesity is one of the main topics in America including one of the main reasons of death.-(begin with a subject) Detecting obesity is easy, but treating it can be very hard to do. Never have there have been so many teens and children not only overweight but obese. In some ways, it could be called the plague of the twenty- first century due to adolescents and teenagers indulging

Readiness for Future Health Needs at Banner Health

Readiness for Future Health Needs at Banner Health Name Grand Canyon University Michael Jones NRS- 451V Date Readiness for Future Health Needs at Banner Health Banner Health celebrates its fifteen year anniversary this year (2014). Samaritan Health System merged with Lutheran Health System September 1st, 1999. Lutheran Health System began in 1938 across Western and Mid-Western states. Samaritan Health System dates back to 1911 that covered California and Arizona, primarily in the metro Phoenix area. At the time of the merger, Banner Health occupied 14 states, with 32 hospitals with 2,882 beds, and employed 22,500 workers. Today, Banner Health is one of the largest health care systems in the country, occupies seven†¦show more content†¦This allows more access to doctors without having to have many doctors on site 24-7 (Banner Health, 2012). Strategic plan for resource management In the area of resources for healthcare needs, Banner Health has expanded their services to the point of being self-sufficient. The services that are offered are endless. A few of the listed services are; comprehensive, hospice, home care, rehabilitation (from physical therapy, psychiatric to drug addiction) services, specialized Alzheimer’s units, trauma centers, stroke and cardiac centers, and tertiary care centers. Within the Banner system, there are specialist for all areas of medical needs from prevention to rehabilitation. The plan of Banner Health is being carried out today by the building and opening of additional medical facility locations (Banner Health, 2012). Resources for the community can be reviewed on the home page of the Banner web site www.bannerhealth.com. On this site an individual can look at all of the possible resources available by searching the individual hospitals. There is also a list of consumer resources avail able. On this site, you may view direct pay pricing, a quality report in order for the consumer to view the quality reports of the system, and a list of community resources (Banner Health, 2012). Strategic plan for addressing issues related to patient satisfaction Patient satisfaction is an increasingly important area of concern. Especially with reimbursements fromShow MoreRelatedThe Healthcare System And Samaritan Health System1469 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Banner Health is considered one of the nations largest secular, non-profit health care organization operating 29 acute care facilities in seven western states (Kash, 2016). It is known and recognized nationally. It unites with Lutheran Health System and Samaritan Health System which started in 1991 with the mission of making differences in people s lives such as rendering perfect patient care. This exellent mission of health care earned them good standing that help theRead MoreThe Healthcare System And Samaritan Health System1286 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction Banner Health is considered one of the nations largest secular, non-profit health care organization operating 29 acute care facilities in seven western states (Kash, 2016). It is known and recognized nationally. It unites with the Lutheran Health System and Samaritan Health System, which started in 1991 with the mission of making differences in people s lives such as rendering perfect patient care. This excellent mission of health care earned them good standing that help theRead MoreBanner Health: Healthcare for the Future Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesBanner Health Banner Health is a nonprofit organization that consists of twenty-four acute care hospitals and health care facilities in seven different states. In 1999, Samaritan Health System merged together with Lutheran Health Systems to form what is currently known as Banner Health. This organization prioritizes their aim to make a difference in their patients’ lives by providing exceptional patient care. Banner Health utilizes music therapy, massage therapy, aromatherapy, and pet therapy asRead MoreEssay on Health Organization Case Study1193 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Organization Case Study Christina Churu Grand Canyon University Nursing and Leadership Management NRS 451 V September 23, 2012 Health Organization Case Study Banner Health is a nonprofit health care system that was started on September 1, 1991 after the merger of Samaritan Health System and Lutheran Health Systems. Before the merger Lutheran Health System had a long standing history as a respected health care provider in rural communities located across Western and Midwestern statesRead MoreNurse Extern And Residency Programs For798 Words   |  4 PagesNurse Extern and Residency Programs for Undergraduate and Newly Graduated BSN RNs The National Center for Health Workforce Analysis estimates that â€Å"the supply of nurses will be 29% less than what is needed by the year 2020, based on a projected increase in demand of 40% and only a 6% increase in supply† (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2002). This shortage is due to many factors, one of the most significant being newly graduated nurses leaving their jobs or the profession of nursingRead MoreThe Rate Of Preterm Birth Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesthe healthcare workers to mitigate the health crisis associated with childbirth by performing her duties faithfully. 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To date, there are 20 restaurants including the latest restaurant opening in Taman Tasek, Jalan Tun Abdul Razak, Johor Bahru on December 20, 2007. Look out for more outlets in the near future.   There are currently, 3 franchise holders in Malaysia. The largest operating restaurant is managed by Cosmo Restaurants Sdn. Bhd. While outlets located in KLIA are under the management of Dewina Hosts Sdn. Bhd, outlets in Sabah are operated by

Role And Functions Of Marketing At Thorpe Park

Questions: 1. Explain the role and purpose of marketing2. Understand the different forms of Market Research that can be used for Thorpe Park. Discuss Primary and Secondary research and how this is used effectively in Thorpe Park3. Explain a product in Thorpe Park and the ways in which it is: Priced Promoted Placed4. Explain the main features of a Marketing plan relate this to Thorpe Park and how they plan ahead for new rides. Answers: 1. Role and functions of marketing at Thorpe Park: Thorpe Park is an amusement park that has been built to develop customer experience and there is a lot of things that are to be built up on the park itself. Just like other companies Thorpe Park also has marketing, health and safety, human resources, administrative and finance activities as well. The majority of the business and its assigned roles are on a permanent basis and they combine all the different challenges and the variety with a view of having fantastic scope so that the business can progress their career even if the environment seem quite interesting to them. The business park also offers a number of behind the scenes roles that are important to run the park efficiently. There are more than 1000 staff that looks after the park every day for smooth running of the park. The commercial business support department manages the stock ordering operation and warehousing facilities that ensure that the commercial teams of the park have the right products at the right times. Finally the cash office is an essential element in the operational context of the park that generates the work every day. According to the authority of the park people those who are working outside the park are also entertained like the other people those who are working here in the management authority as well. They mainly focus on satisfying their customers so that they can bring in more profit for the amusement park and also the families can recommend it to ensure higher quality of the customer services. The employees are expected to be paid highly and some of them also expe ct good rate of pay. They expect that their salary must be at par with the level of work that they are doing. The employees in turn also expect better promotional opportunities so that they do not have to remain in the same position for a longer span of time. According to the management authority of Thorpe park the customers are made to feel confident within themselves so that the customers are satisfied with the services being offered by the tickets that the customers are buying at a high price from them (Cacciolatti and Fearne, 2013). 2. Understand the different forms of Market Research that can be used for Thorpe Park and also discuss Primary and Secondary research and how this is used effectively in Thorpe Park. Thorpe Park had used various forms of market research techniques that includes qualitative research, quantitative research, primary and secondary research techniques also to help to analyze their growth and development and their strong business objectives as well. Qualitative research: Qualitative data is that form of data which is used for adding extensive meaning and experience to the business. When Thorpe park was developing their new ride which is known as The Swarm the management authority had used qualitative research because they wanted to see and analyze what the public think about their upcoming new ride and also gain feedback against it if any further improvement was required against it. Thorpe Park strategized and asked people to create small groups known as focus groups and then let them decide about their new ride The swarm. Quantitative Research: This method involves using a pre-set questions among a large group of people so that they can provide statistically valid data that they can interpret uniquely. Thorpe Park has used quantitative research techniques to find out the most popular rides in the park and also to check the rates of the tickets. They also found out strategies to invent few more new rides. They used data collected by them to see how many people did visit Thorpe park during the year 2011 and also they got a view to analyze the opinion of the customers and they thought that this was the best time to release their new ride the swarm in their business. Primary research: this research technique involves gathering of first hand data which is considered to be tailor made according to the firms own products and services that are being offered by the market. Thorpe Park did used primary research while collecting information from the customers about having a particular brand name associated with the business as well (Lin, Venkataraman and Jap, 2013). Secondary research: Secondary research involves all about gathering information which already exists in the market from various other external sources. For example government reports this type of research is also known as desk research. They have used this type of data to find out what the other theme parks are offering in terms of the prices that are been offered by the other theme parks as well. Thorpe Park uses secondary research as it seems cheaper and quicker. They have used this against looking at the reviews that have been offered and also suggest ways to the Swarm to help to improve it. 3. Marketing Mix of the product the Swarm ride The Swarm is characterized mainly as a steel wing coaster that is designed at the Thorpe park which is considered to be a theme park in United Kingdom. The Swarmwas the world's second Wing Coaster designed bySwissroller coaster manufacturerBolliger Mabillardand theUnited Kingdom's first Wing Coaster.Construction commenced in May 2011, and the coaster opened on 15 March 2012.Starting in 2013, the last two rows of each train face backwards, while the first five rows face forward. The 775-metre-long (2,543ft) ride stands 39 meters (128ft) tall and features five inversions. On the one-minute twenty-five second ride, riders experience speeds of up to 59 miles per hour (95km/h) and 4.5 times theforce of gravity. A marketing campaign for the ride began 11 months beforeThe Swarmwas opened to the public. The ride has generally been well received, ranking highly amongst other roller coasters of its type. The four Ps involves the following marketing mix for the Swarm ride. Product: the ride has been strategically been organized in the theme park. The park is supposed to have been built in an extremely thrilling way that have led to the development of the park uniquely and in a proportionate way. There are various other events been organized by the management authority of Thorpe Park. Families can come here and enjoy together along with several rides. Sometimes the park gives annual passes at the end of every year. The park also organizes food and drink facility for the park authority so that they can retain their employees as well (Huh and Park, 2010). Place: the ride is been strategized along with niche market profiling. The market seeks to have all the thrill seekers and audiences from all over the country. It is considered to be a park of the UKs thrill capital and the riders enjoy the ride with huge excitement and fun. Price: The pricing strategy for the ride is been done to target the volume of masses from all over the country. All the costs associated such as development costs and overheads costs involved are all added along with the entry fee of the theme park along with the rides as well. The pricing is been compared with football matches ticket prices as well. Fas track is considered to be the biggest margin driver among them. Promotion: Promotion was been done through on site and also using local as well as national strategies. Various online strategies were also been used to promote the products and insist large number of customers to visit the park (Kim et al., 2013). 4. Marketing Plan for Thorpe Park: Complaints are considered not only as bad publicity or negative feedback. They could be used also as a tool to improve and further development the product, service and its quality resulting in better visitor experience. The challenge would be related to managing variety ofaspect and combining it into one system, whichcreates final outcome- happy customer. Such approach should consist elements of interrelated levels: human resources, operations and high quality of service. Such complex wouldcreate environment for positive attitude and feelings of the visitor towards the attraction. References 25 th Annual Meeting of the European Academy of Childhood Disability, 10th-12th October 2013The SageNewcastle-Gateshead, UK. (2013).Child: Care, Health and Development, 39(3), pp.459-459. Cacciolatti, L. and Fearne, A. (2013). Marketing intelligence in SMEs: implications for the industry and policy makers.Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 31(1), pp.4-26. Cha, B., Lee, G., Park, S., Cho, S. and Lim, J. (2011).  Ã‚  Ã… ¾ Polyethylene (PE)      .Bulletin of the Korean society of Fisheries Technology, 47(1), pp.10-17. Huh, C. and Park, S. (2010). Changes in Patterns of Trip Planning Horizon: A Cohort Analytical Approach.Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management, 19(3), pp.260-279. Kim, J., Kim, H., Park, I., Park, Y., Yoo, J., Park, K., Lee, S. and Kang, K. (2013). LiFePO4 with an alluaudite crystal structure for lithium ion batteries.Energy Environ. Sci., 6(3), p.830. Lee, K., Lee, H., Lee, N. and Lim, J. (2013). An agent-based fuzzy cognitive map approach to the strategic marketing planning for industrial firms.Industrial Marketing Management, 42(4), pp.552-563. Lin, C., Venkataraman, S. and Jap, S. (2013). Media Multiplexing Behavior: Implications for Targeting and Media Planning.Marketing Science, 32(2), pp.310-324. Ling, J. (2013). MicroTech 2013 IMAPS-UK Annual Conference TWI, Granta Park, Abington, Cambridge, 21 March 2013.Microelectronics International, 30(3). Malhotra, N. and Dash, S. (2013). Future of research in marketing in emerging economies.Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 31(2). MicroTech 2013, IMAPS-UK Annual Conference, TWI, Granta Park, Abington, Cambridge, 21 March 2013. (2013).Circuit World, 39(3). Papoutsa, A. and Pe-Piper, G. (2013). The relationship between REE-Y-Nb-Th minerals and the evolution of an A-type granite, Wentworth Pluton, Nova Scotia.American Mineralogist, 98(2-3), pp.444-462. Papoutsa, A. and Pe-Piper, G. (2013). The relationship between REE-Y-Nb-Th minerals and the evolution of an A-type granite, Wentworth Pluton, Nova Scotia.American Mineralogist, 98(2-3), pp.444-462. Park, J., Robertson, R. and Wu, C. (2006). Modelling the Impact of Airline Service Quality and Marketing Variables on Passengers Future Behavioural Intentions.Transportation Planning and Technology, 29(5), pp.359-381. Park, M., Ra, B., Bae, J., Kim, B. and Choi, W. (2013). A Study on the Improvement of the Thermal Stability of PE Separator for Lithium Secondary Battery Application Using Poly(meta-phenylene isophthalamide).Polymer Korea, 37(1), pp.22-27. Park, S., Sim, J., Kim, C. and Lee, S. (2013). Optimal binary encoding scheme for the fast motion estimation based on Hamming distances.IEICE Electron. Express, 10(10), pp.20130160-20130160. PRESCRIBING AND RESEARCH IN MEDICINES MANAGEMENT (UK IRELAND). (2013).Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 22(6), pp.670-690. Samad, N., Nwankwo, S. and Gbadamosi, A. (2012). Impact of Management Structure on Development Programs: Lessons From Social Marketing of Family Planning in Pakistan.Social Marketing Quarterly, 19(1), pp.40-51.

Knowledge by the Colors free essay sample

The fifty meter wall of deities, sculptures, and statues loom high above. Depicting the life of Princess Meenakshi, one could not be more dazzled. They smile, they frown, they kill, they embrace; the statues behold stories repeated throughout the centuries, dazzling, hypnotizing. The Meenakshi Amman Temple, an overwhelming spectacle, offered a story one could not forget. I, however, could not even begin to understand. An immigrant to the United States, Ive gradually accepted the American culture rather than maintaining my own. At first, not much had changed, my parents and I being each others only friends, I was a shy child to anyone else. Unfortunately, as my horizons widened and interaction with my American surroundings became the norm, the ties between the Indian culture and me slowly began to fade away. It was not that I didnt care, seeing as my parents are strong advocates of religious practice, but religious history was not so strongly enforced. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge by the Colors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since childhood, Ive understood the basic information regarding our gods and goddesses, but the detailed history of Hinduism and how these Gods came to be, I was not familiar with. At religious gatherings, I was little affected when seeing other Hindu children perform skits and plays, recite poems, and sing songs about our religions history. I couldnt envision any significant benefit from this additional information. However, walking into the grand Meenakshi Amman Temple, I realized how important ethnic history really is. Feeling as if the temples visitors, including my parents, all understood what the sculptures, paintings, and artifacts meant, I was a little jealous. My sister, being the youngest in the family, tapped my hand, pointing to the vibrantly colored paintings. Dada! (Brother) Look at that pink sari! Yeah thats a nice color isnt it? I replied while trying to understand the picture itself. I knew I wouldnt get much satisfaction from this Temple through simply enjoying i ts pretty colors. I was eager to understand the images I was surrounded by. Though I knew my parents were capable of explaining them to me, I decided to approach the priest for answers to my many questions. Being 13 years old at the time, I felt some internal shame for being so ill-informed, but I expected the priest would be happy to indulge my hunger for knowledge. Pujari (priest), ei painting golo kei bolche? (What do these paintings depict?) As predicted, the priest was happy to help, but I could sense his slight surprise in my naivet. This subtle reaction was sufficient for me to realize how important our ethnicity is. As the priest explained the epic legend, MahA?bhA?rata, and its similarities to todays leading issues such as, politics, social arguments, and international relations, I realized the importance of cultural history. The knowledge is simply a necessity. I left the Meenakshi Temple with my fair share of Hinduism history. The existence of many of the Gods made much more sense and I left appreciating my culture more than before. I learned that the expression of ones ethnicity and religious background is key to expressing ones self. Now more knowledgeable about my religion, I recite poems like the other kids, and participate in the events I was once reluctant to. I finally understand my ethnicity, I finally understand my origins, and I finally understand myself.

Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Essays

Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Essays Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Essay Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Essay Extraction of Caffeine from Tealeaves Perez, Albert Solomon K. *; Quiambao, Marie Angela C;. Pascua, Hanna Harriette R. ; Patricio, Maria Roxanne DC. ; 2-Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Science University of Santo Tomas Espana St. , 1015, Manila Abstract Caffeine is soluble in both water and organic solvents, solid-liquid extraction and liquid-liquid extraction were used in the experimentation process. Caffeine was extracted using hot water, however, due to its medium polarity; it was further separated from water soluble compounds using a polar non-protic solvent, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2). Sublimation was then used for the purification of the targeted compound. Based from the data collected, 5. 758g of tea leaves contains 3. 96% caffeine. After the purification process, 0. 2279g of caffeine was obtained from 0. 4948g crude extract with 46. 06% yield. Melting point determination was used to characterize the caffeine yielded. However, the melting point range of the caffeine collected (190Â °C -215 Â °C) was lower than the melting point of the accepted value (238 Â °C) which may be due to experimental errors committed in the extraction and washing process. Introduction Tea has been consumed as a beverage for almost 2,000 years starting in China. It is the most widely consumed beverage after water [1]. Their active participation in trade resulted in its introduction to Europe. The active component in tea is caffeine (C8H10N4O2). Caffeine belongs to an extensive class of compounds known as the alkaloids. Alkaloids are a diverse group of compounds that are found primarily in plants and contain basic nitrogen atom(s). The basic nature of these compounds makes them exists mostly as salts. Many alkaloids have profound effects on the nervous system and acts as a mild stimulant examples are other well-known alkaloids such as morphine, strychnine, quinine, ephedrine, and nicotine. Aside from being a mild stimulant, caffeine is one of the most promising organic compounds in medicine, in a study by Miura, T. et al. , green tea extracts showed lowering in blood pressure of a mice with diabetes type 2 and thus a plausible treatment for diabetes[2]. However, caffeine may be associated with serious ventricular arrhythmias in susceptible people. Caffeine may increase beat-to-beat heart rate variability and also QT interval variability during rapid eye movement sleep[3]. Caffeine cannot be obtained directly; every pot of coffee or cup of tea involves solid/liquid extraction, the extraction of organic compounds from solid ground beans or leaves using hot water as the liquid. The lower molecular weight polar molecules such as caffeine dissolve in the hot water and are removed from the high molecular weight water-insoluble cellulose, protein, and lipid materials. Over 200compounds, some in only trace quantities are extracted from the solid into a cup of coffee or tea. Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of caffeine. [pic] Figure1. Caffeine While solid-liquid extraction is the most common technique used to brew beverages and isolate natural products, liquid/liquid extraction is a very common method used in the organic laboratory. Organic reactions often yield a number of by-products, some inorganic, some organic. Also, since they do not go to 100% completion, some starting material is also often present at the end of an organic reaction. Liquid-liquid extraction is often used as the initial step in the work-up of a reaction, before final purification of the product by recrystallization, distillation or sublimation. Varying extracts from various plants have been used as teas, potions, medicines and poisons. However, these extracts can contain a mixture of many different chemicals, often only one or few are responsible for the activity of the extract. The objective of this experiment is to isolate, purify and characterize caffeine from tea leaves. Moreover, to calculate the percent yield of caffeine. Results and Discussion Extraction of caffeine from tea leaves through solid-liquid extraction using water bath would cause the tea leaves to swell and release caffeine and other compounds such as tannins. To further separate caffeine from other soluble compounds, an organic solvent, Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) was used. Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) selectively extract caffeine from the tea extract by separating it from the other organic compounds and leaving them suspended in water. Table1. Relative Weights of Products Yield of Products | |Brand of tea leaves |Nature’s Pride | | | | |Extraction | |Weight of beaker |28. 6880g | |Weight of beaker |34. 4460g | |+ tea leaves | | |Weight of tea leaves |5. 58g | |Weight of evaporating dish |115. 7196g | |Weight of evaporating dish |116. 2144g | |+ crude caffeine | | |Weight of crude caffeine |0. 4948g | | | | |Purification | |Weight of empty vial |32. 2127g | |Weight of empty vial |32. 406g | |+ caffeine crystal | | |Weight of caffeine c rystal |0. 2279 | Extraction uses the solubility differences of these molecules to selectively draw the product into the organic layer. Liquid-liquid extractions using 20mL dichloromethane was done three times to ensure the highest percentage of caffeine separation. All portions of dichloromethane was mixed and was washed with 20mL 6M NaOH in the separatory funnel, to remove acidic content from the solution that may have remained after the extraction with dichloromethane. The ‘washed’ dichloromethane solution was filtered through a filter paper containing anhydrous Na2SO4 to further dehydrate the solution, hydrating the Na2SO4 into its hydrated form Na2SO4Â ·H2O. Table 1 shows the different weights of the sample obtained through extraction and purification before its characterization. Crude caffeine, about 0. 4948g was obtained through recrystallization, and was purified. Purification was facilitated by sublimation with an air bath to gather the pure crystalline caffeine. The crystalline caffeine was found to be 0. 276g in weight. The percent recovery and percent caffeine can now be computed through: % recovery = [pic] % caffeine = [pic] % recovery = [pic]% caffeine = [pic] % recovery =46. 06%% caffeine = 3. 96% To characterize the sample, determination of the melting point was used. Table 2 summarizes the results of melting point determination of the sample and standard caffeine subjected to an oil bath consisting of cooking oil at 150 degrees celsius. Table2. Melting Point Determination |Melting Points (? C) | |Sample caffeine |Standard caffeine | | | | |T1 | |190 degrees |225 degrees | | | | |T2 | |215 degrees |228 degrees | | | | |190-215 degrees |225-228 degrees | The accepted value for the melting point of caffeine is 238? C [4]. The experimentally determined temperature for the sample caffeine was very low in comparison to the standard and the accepted value. The standard caffeine had close values and a smaller melting point range. Errors could lie in between the melting process, as the standard underwent some thermal decomposition evident in the slight change in the color of the sample while melting. The temperature obtained explicitly shows the presence of impurities on the sample caffeine, as the presence of non-volatile solutes owers the temperature and increases the melting point range of a sample. Imprecise reading and observations could have been one of the reasons for the slightly lower melting point temperature readings for the standard caffeine. Experimental For the extraction of caffeine, commercialized tea bags (3) were used as a source of tea leaves. Tea leaves were removed from the bags and were weighed. After weighing the tealeaves, solid-liquid extraction was done using 100-mL water and was allowed to boil for 5 minutes. The sides of the flask were then cooled in a running tap water for 2 minutes. An ice cube was mixed in the tea extract to facilitate cooling to room temperature. The tea extract was transferred in a separatory funnel containing 20-mL of dichloromethane to facilitate liquid-liquid extraction of caffeine. The CH2Cl2 was found to be in the lower layer and was drained into a clean flask. The remaining solution in the separatory funnel was again treated with 20-mL CH2Cl2 twice to further extract the remaining caffeine. All CH2Cl2 fractions were combined. All of the CH2Cl2 was returned to the separatory funnel and that was washed with 20-mL 6M NaOH solution. After washing, The CH2Cl2 layer was drained into a flask through a funnel with a fluted filter paper containing half spatula of anhydrous sodium sulphate to remove the remaining water content. The CH2Cl2 was subjected in a water bath to further concentrate the extract. The crude caffeine was weighed and the numerical value was recorded. For the purification process, the crude caffeine was transferred into a filter tube with a fitted inner test tube which served as the ‘cold finger’ and was placed in a hot air bath. The crude caffeine was allowed to sublime to gather crystalline caffeine at the bottom of cold finger tube. The cold finger was constantly refilled with ice water to facilitate sublimation. The crystalline caffeine was scraped off the cold finger tube and was placed into a vial. For the characterization of crystalline caffeine, the caffeine crystals were grinded into a very fine powder. A micro capillary tube was sealed at one end which acted as a micro test tube. The open end of the micro test tube was dipped into the vial containing pulverized caffeine crystal and was dropped inside a long glass tube until the sample reached a height of 0. 5-1cm. The same procedure was done on the standard caffeine sample. For the melting point determination, the two samples were secured in both sides of a thermometer. The thermometer was dipped into a beaker containing cooking oil heated at 150 degrees (oil bath). The temperature range between the first appearance of liquid within the sample until the disappearance of the last traces of solid was recorded. Conclusion The extraction of caffeine is a critical experiment, as it uses different chemistry principles such as solubility rules and a substance’s physical properties. The percent yield of 3. 96% is a reasonable finding since green teas are found to contain only 3-5% of its dry weight. Impurities which caused the melting point lowering of the sample could have resulted from experimental errors and could have occurred during the extraction and washing processes. In addition to experimental errors, the presence of soluble tannins in tea leaves complicates the isolation of caffeine, this could have been fixed in the solid-liquid extraction state through the addition of CaCO3 to separate tannins and keep them suspended in the water. References [1]Alan M Iris M (2004). The Empire of Tea. The overlook press. ISBN 1 – 58567 – 493- 1, p. 32. [2] Miura, T. , Koike, T. , Ishida, T. (2005). Antidiabetic activity of green tea (Theasinensis L. ) in genetically type 2 diabetic mice. Journal of Health Science, 51(6), 708-710. [3]Yeragani, V. K. , et al. (2009). Caffeine and Cardiovascular Health:What Do We Know? Caffeine and Health Research. New York, NY: Nova Science. [4]Lide, D. , ed. (2007) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,Internet Version 2007, (87th Edition), , Taylor and Francis, BocaRaton, FL: CRC press LLC. [5]Spiller, G. (1998). Caffeine. Boca Raton. FL: CRC press LLC.