Social Process Theory Essay - 1049 Words

Social Process Theory Social Process and Crime In the social process theory, three areas are covered. The three are social learning theory, social control theory, and social reaction theory. The definition of the social learning theory is People learn through observing others’ behavior, attitudes, and outcomes of those behaviors. â€Å"Most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.† (Learning Theories Knowledgebase ). Most people learn through watching other. As a child, we learn by mocking what we have observed repeatedly. This is how we learn to walk, talk,†¦show more content†¦If the child feels that, they do not have a chance in school this may lead to them dropping out. In this situation, the child does not have a chance to build a steady relationship with the teacher for support. Another factor that can affect a child and what they learn can be peer groups. If the child is hanging around with a group that has antisocial behavior then they can fall into the trap of being bad because it is cool. The bad crowd can lead any child to deviant behavior and down the wrong path. The more violent the group the more likely the child will be to commit serious crime to impress their friends. One of the subcategories of Social Learning Theory is the Differential Association Theory first developed by Edwin H. Sutherland in 1939 in a text call Principles of criminology. The basic steps to this theory are. (Sutherland, 1939) 1. Criminal behavior is learned. 2. Learning is a by-product of interaction. 3. Learning occurs within intimate groups. 4. Criminal techniques are learned. 5. Perceptions of legal code influence motives and drives. 6. Differential associations may very in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. 7. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anticriminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms involved in any other learning process. 8. Criminal behavior is an expression of generalShow MoreRelatedSocial Penetration Theory Is Defined As The Process Of Bonding1198 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor, Social Penetration Theory is defined as the process of bonding that moves a relationship from superficial to more intimate. The theory can be perceived as a game plan for people, especially in a relationship. This can give you guidance on how to interact with individuals in order to establish a stable, and developing relationship through interpersonal communication. For example, when you encounter someone whom you’ve never met before, you may ask someRead MoreThe Social Process Theories1247 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿A social norm is a specified code of conduct that is acceptable within a society or group. 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These programs are designed to rehabilitate these delinquents. Also, restitution allows the criminal to give back in a sense to possibly apologize. Many programs are put in place to deter anymore deviant acts or criminal behaviors. Primary deviance can often be pushed away; whereas, secondary deviance cannot. Secondary deviance transforms a person’s identity because it affects more people associatedRead MoreThe Social Penetration Theory the Uncertain Reduction Theory Implications on the Sales Process1334 Words   |  6 PagesUncertainty reduction theory This theory comes to explain the uncertainty among people who communicate with each other and how different types of communication will help to reduce the uncertainty. As a starting point, the developers of this theory (Charles Berger and Richard Calabrese) stated that uncertainty is an unpleasant feeling, which people prefer to avoid as much as they can. Every person has been confronted with the feeling of uncertainty, rather if it was when arriving to new a destinationRead MoreCultural Competency And Social Work Practice1098 Words   |  5 Pagesbeliefs, social groups, and ethic perceptions. Individuals are competent to function on their own and within an organization where multi-cultural situations will be present† (2016). Our communities are composed of various ethnicities which have led to the need to incorporate cultural competency in state legislation, federal statutes and programs, private sector organization and academic settings. The Indicators for the Achievement of the NASW Standards for Cultural Competency in Social Work PracticeRead More Values in Contemporary Social Work Essay examples2508 Words   |  11 Pagesclient and social worker. Social workers operate within society, not only to assist the individual but to create a more cohesive society. 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The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1541 Words

The American Dream is a dream about possibilities, and a desire for success. Sometimes you can interpret the dream for money, sometimes for love regardless of what the you think it is, the dreamer works hard to reach this goal. In the novel The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsby is driven by his desire to achieve the American Dream. Unfortunately, Gatsby’s drive to achieve the dream also results in him falling victim to it. Essentially, Gatsby falls victim to the American Dream because he is forced to face the reality that his dream is just that, a dream that is out of reach and unrealistic. The novel also shows what happened to the American Dream in the 1920’s, which is a time period when the dreams became corrupted for many reasons.†¦show more content†¦Gatsby grew up in North Dakota and did have no connections, money or education. He spent his youth training for his â€Å"Big Break†. Highly motivated, he had a plan to escape his life as a poor man. Gatsby was r esentful of his parents and their poverty. â€Å"His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people his imagination had never really accepted them as his parents at all.†(Fitzgerald 9.) Gatsby’s desire to escape the poverty and limits of his upbringing was so powerful that he created a new person he wanted to be in order to achieve what he desired rejecting his original name, parents, and goals for personal improvement as he invented a new person and attitude that would better support him in his quest. â€Å"So he invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen-year-old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end.† (Fitzgerald 9). Gatsby’s opportunity to get away from his family and into wealth occurs when he encounters a man by the name of Dan Cody. Dan Cody teaches Gatsby the skills and everything he needs to know about the bootlegging business. With this new job, Gatsby is suddenly given the opportunity t o meet his goal in the quickest and easiest way (even though it was illegal). Gatsby’s decision not only to participate in this illegal trade but shows how strong of a desire he has to reach his dream. In terms of wealth and status, Gatsby proves that he has attained a

Effectiveness of the Apology of Socrates free essay sample

These men were put to death because of their radical beliefs that were contrary to the philosophy of the society in which they preached. Abinidi was burned because of his calling the people of Zeniff to repentance. Jesus Christ was crucified by the Jews because of his so-called â€Å"blasphemy. † Although not exactly put to death, Galileo was imprisoned for life because of his research and theories on physical science that contradicted the views of the Catholic Church. These men were each victims of corrupt society which could not accept these new views being offered, wrongly accused of high crimes such as treason. One other famous martyr was Socrates, accused of various charges by the people of Athens. In Plato’s reenactment of Socrates’ self defense, modern audiences learn what charges Socrates was accused of, and his method of defense against these charges. From the writings of Socrates’ student Plato we know many characteristics of Socrates himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Effectiveness of the Apology of Socrates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We know that he although his own philosophy could be considered similar to that of the Sophists, Socrates condemned them for undermining existing values without introducing new values to the people. The Sophists tended to make â€Å"the worse seem the better† (728). Socrates focused on problems relating to man instead of those of â€Å"man vs god. † In one aspect was Socrates’ philosophy similar to that of the Sophists, and that was that he had a strong desire to have men make their own decisions in all circumstances, not to rely only on the gods. He also was of the passionate belief that â€Å"virtue is knowledge†, and that any man who does wrong does it out of ignorance of a better way. Socrates believed that anyone who really knew the truth absolutely would not do evil deeds. All of these values contradicted those of Athenian society. However, Athens was famous for its diversity, its freedom of thought, its allowing the people to have their own ideas. Why, then, was Socrates sentenced to death? Some say that it was because of Athens’ own instability following the Peloponnesian War and the occupation of Sparta. During this time (about 399 BC), Athens was experiencing major setbacks, both economically and politically following a long period of prosperity and power. Others believe that Socrates was punished because, like all aforementioned martyrs, he spread his way of thinking to anyone who would listen. He pestered the city with his philosophies, as the â€Å"gadfly that stings the sluggish horse,† attempting to bring the city to his own enlightenment (738). It was because of this circulation of radical views that the people became incensed. The traditional Athenian religious views had been established hundreds of years before, so perhaps it was understandable that they were aggravated enough to sentence Socrates to death. In his Apology, Socrates lays out the various different accusations made against him. First he expounds on informal, ancient charges made against him in the form of prejudice by many of his peers. These charges are summed up â€Å"in an affidavit: ‘Socrates is an evil-doer, and a curious person, who searches things under the earth and in heaven, and he makes the worse appear the better cause, and he teaches these doctrines to others’† (729). These charges are not the formal charges and reason for the trial. However, they serve a purpose: to show that the people of Athens were previously biased against Socrates for his studies and recitations. In reaction to the charge of â€Å"making the worse appear the better,† he accuses his accusers of practically the same thing. He accuses them of making the morally weak argument appear to be the better argument. He indicts those people of conformity to the prejudices against him as their only reason for believing him to be of evil. He urges the people present for his defense to listen to those who believe he is innocent. This, I believe, is a very weak movement. It is as if he were to say, â€Å"I am innocent because these people believe I am. † Socrates’ formal charges were only two: first, he is accused of impiety, of disbelief in the accepted gods of Athens, and the introduction of new â€Å"divinities of his own†. His defense of this charge is quite weak. He brings up the oracle of Delphi, which plays a very important role in the world of the Greeks (which we know from various other works of literature). Chaerephon, a friend of Socrates, went to the oracle and inquired as to whether any man possessed more wisdom than Socrates. The response was that of â€Å"there is no man wiser† (730). When he heard this, Socrates immediately set about a search to find a wiser man than he. In doing so, he not only irritates and insults many of Athens’ most intelligent and powerful scholars, he almost proves his charge of impiety. In this case, Socrates is attempting to prove the oracle wrong. The Athenians believed that the oracles were never wrong, because they were gods and goddesses. To accuse one of falsehood was to accuse a god of ungodliness. In his speech, Socrates makes it seem as though the oracle at Delphi gave him a sort of challenge, a charge to find a man wiser than himself. However, this was not the case. This is simply another weak link in his argument. Meletus’ second charge against Socrates is the corruption of the youth. In one of his most intelligent strikes, Socrates summons Meletus, and makes a fool of him in front of the judges and jury. As all good lawyers are capable of doing, Socrates provokes Meletus and prods him into a corner from which he has no graceful way to escape. Thus he shifts the attention from himself onto the ridiculousness of Meletus’ propositions. Socrates also defends himself in this charge by saying simply that the young men of Athens need to be able to make up their own minds. He says that the children come to him of their own accord, because they want to learn, and Socrates will teach more effectively and relentlessly than the other conformist teachers. To the Athenian mind, the majority of his arguments are weak and unsubstantiated. Socrates rarely addresses the actual charges made against him, and never in a way that would effectively make this particular court rule in his favor. However, he is of the opinion that there is something morally wrong with â€Å"procuring an acquittal instead of informing and convincing† the judge and jury (741). In this case, he remains true to himself and his own values throughout his entire life, even when found guilty and sentenced to death. He comments that he would â€Å"rather die having spoken after my manner, than speak in your manner and live† (744). Socrates did not fear death. As he said, â€Å"no evil can happen to a good man, either in life or after death† (746). He even speaks words of comfort about his death to the judges and people of Athens. I think this is yet another testimony of the moral strength of his character. Thus, even though it is the natural instinct of man to defend himself, to do almost whatever it takes to avoid death, Socrates does so in a way that he remains true to himself and to those whom he has taught. One might say that his defense was ineffective due to the outcome, but his very lack of desperation in doing so would have changed my mind if I had been in that court.

Microsoft And Monopoly Essays (833 words) - AOL, Netscape

Microsoft And Monopoly This paper will show my opinion of Microsoft being branded a monopoly. I feel this example shows supply and demand in addition to monopolistic competition. This entire ordeal is over a free browser that Microsoft includes with windows for free and gives out on the internet for free just as Netscape and most other browser companies do. The government feels that Microsoft is creating a demand purely for their products by forcing its browser on suppliers and controlling prices. I have yet to see where Microsoft is charging extraordinary prices for any of these free programs nor do I see how Netscape, in using the governments definition, a "monopoly" itself, is "being forced out of business" by Microsoft's free browser. Remember: the charge is against including Internet Explorer with Windows, not the Windows monopoly itself. It is much better to have one operating system than 20 or even 2. Software compatibility, technical support, and setup are much more simplified with one operating system. Programs today are specifically designed to be "Windows compatible." Would you rather have 20 (local) phone companies, each with a different line and number running into your house or one, as is the case now? Internet Explorer brings browser competition to a market that is essentially monopolistic itself. Internet Explorer gives Netscape a competitive product where before virtually none existed. The purpose of antitrust laws is to prevent only harmful monopoly. Microsoft's operating system near monopoly is harmful in very few ways. Nor is Intel's chip near monopoly harmful, nor is Netscape's browser near monopoly. Other reasons easily explain how Microsoft came about to its size and how new companies constantly spring up in the computer industry. Computer software is a very volatile industry. To succeed in this industry all you basically need is a good program and a way to offer it for sale. All they have to do is make a program and copy it on a disk. Since making an extra disk containing the program costs all of 2 cents, it is more costly for the software company to print the box and manuals, than it is to make one extra disk. But it does cost Microsoft to develop a new program. No matter how cheap a disk is, capital investment such as salaries, factories, storage, and programmers always exist. Even though development costs are sunk and additional production costs are nonexistent, other costs are incurred. Besides, supply and demand determines where a price will fall. Another thing about the computer market is its ever-changing program market. For all we know, anyone literate in programming may develop a better program than Windows. If consumers like it, we may soon find another browser monopolist. For reasons similar to this, computer industry leaders have vastly changed in just a few years. At times Apple, IBM, Intel, Netscape, AT&T and even Commodore, have or had large, sometimes monopolist-like markets. Characteristics of monopolies that cause trouble are (1) restriction of output, (2) higher prices along with this restriction, (3) restriction of entry to a particular market and, in a few cases, (4) lack of innovation due to lack of competition. Not a single one of these problems is experience with Microsoft. These problems are only drastic when an item is in a secluded market with no close substitutes. Computers are definitely not necessities and there are few barriers to entry in the computer market (the only noticeable being computer literacy). Microsoft certainly does not restrict output and hold prices at extreme levels. If they did, nobody would buy Windows 95 or 98 when it came out. There is no reason to buy an upgrade except that people are looking for something new or something bigger and better. New versions of Windows do not sell because consumers aren't forced to buy them. They sell because consumers want them. Many of Microsoft's major products are included with Windows. Giving products away at no monetary cost is certainly not restricting output. Netscape had an almost full monopoly (90%) and still has a semi-monopoly at 65-70% of the browser market. So what they are worried about? They use the same methods of distribution of their software by offering it for free and having Internet providers include it with their registration software. Before Internet Explorer came along, we sat for long periods waiting for browser upgrades. There was essentially one browser - Netscape. Upgrades have been almost constant since the introduction of Explorer. The result: two companies with advanced browsers competing to build a better browser. Microsoft is not the only operating system